Comparison of bioelectrical impedance analysis with DXA in adolescents with cystic fibrosis before and after a resistance training intervention

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this pilot study was to compare body composition metrics obtained by two portable bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) devices with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) among adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF) before and after a resistance exercise training program. METHODS: Participants with CF were assessed using DXA, single-frequency BIA (SFBIA), and multiple-frequency BIA (MFBIA) to quantify percent body fat (%Fat), fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM) at baseline and after a home-based resistance training intervention comprised of 36, 1 h sessions completed in 12-14 weeks. Repeated measures analysis of variance, paired samples RESULTS: Ten participants (15.8 ± 2.2 yr, 60.1 ± 15.1 kg) completed the assessments. At baseline, both SFBIA and MFBIA scales significantly underestimated %Fat and FM and overestimated FFM, with small to moderate effect sizes. Post-intervention, small, non-significant differences were found between DXA and both BIA scales for all body composition metrics. Significant changes in %Fat and FFM were observed with DXA. MFBIA displayed less constant error than SFBIA when compared to DXA for pre- and post-intervention assessments for %Fat (MFBIA: pre and post -2.8 and -0.8 vs. SFBIA: -4.6 and -2.0), FM (-0.4 and -0.4 vs. -3.0 and -1.1), and FFM (+0.8 and +0.6 vs. +3.1 and +1.3). Near-perfect correlations were observed at both time points between DXA and each BIA scale

Assessment of Gender Inequality in Global Supply Chains

Gender inequality affects women all around the world in several aspects of the social and economic domain. Such as employment, education, participation in the governments, amongst others. The gender inequality in employment has been analyzed from a territorial perspective. However, there is no understanding of how global supply chains affect the genders participation in the labour force. This study focused on gender inequalities in employment. Exploring how gender equal were the total, export and import-supported employment in ten regions of the world in 1995 and 2011 using a Multi-Regional Input and Output analysis. The results show that in every region males had a higher participation in the labour force than females in 2011, and in four regions the female share did not increase from 1995 to 2011. Women s employment in the exports underperformed in eight of the regions their participation in the domestic-supported employment, this reflects the gender composition of the exporting sectors in these regions. Their participation in the imports suggests that trade well-mixes the gender inequality of the global supply chains. In most of the regions, females were integrated into the workforce in the low and medium-skill levels, while males are occupying most of the high-skilled jobs. The sectors that presented some of the highest participation of women were services and agriculture. These results reflected that female participation in employment is the outcome of the interaction of many aspects of the social and economic domain that shapes the behaviour of genders in each region. The regions presented different shades of gender inequality, thus there is no region that can call its labour force gender equal. The quantification of women s participation in the import, export and domestic supported-employment can shed light on the policy responses that each region needs to implement in order to empower women in their territory and beyond it

Feasibility and efficacy of telehealth-based resistance exercise training in adolescents with cystic fibrosis and glucose intolerance

The aims of this study were to (1) determine the feasibility of a home-based resistance exercise training (RET) program in patients with cystic fibrosis and impaired glucose tolerance using virtual personal training and (2) observe the effects completion of the RET program had on glucose metabolism, pulmonary function, body composition, and physical fitness. The feasibility of the program was defined as 80% compliance. Ten participants (15.80 ± 2.20 yr, 25.1 ± 7.4 kg/

Determinantes socioeconómicos del exceso de peso en niños preescolares y escolares colombianos. Encuesta Nacional de Situación Nutricional 2015.

Introducción: El exceso de peso infantil es un problema de salud pública, muestra una tendencia creciente, lo que repercutirá en el estado de salud y calidad de vida de los futuros adultos; se hace necesario mejorar la comprensión de los determinantes socioeconómicos de este fenómeno. Objetivo: Analizar los principales determinantes socioeconómicos intermedios y estructurales que influyen en el exceso de peso en niños en edad preescolar (3-5 años) y escolar (6-12 años) en Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Diseño descriptivo correlacional transversal con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Situación Nutricional 2015 (ENSIN). Se realizaron modelos logísticos para explicar el exceso de peso (variable dependiente) en preescolares (puntaje Z del peso para la talla >+2DE) y escolares (IMC para la edad >+1DE). Resultados: Los niños preescolares que no consumen onces o media tarde tienen 60% menos riesgo de exceso de peso en comparación con los que si consumen. Los niños escolares tienen mayor riesgo de exceso de peso, a mayor índice de riqueza de la familia (2,09 veces), al pasar mucho tiempo frente a una pantalla (1,4 veces), al no realizar actividad física, y al estar en una familia con 2 hasta 5 integrantes. Conclusiones: Existen diferentes determinantes intermedios y estructurales para la población preescolar y escolar colombiana que influyen en el exceso de peso. Se recomienda profundizar en las políticas públicas de salud para educar y prevenir sobre alteraciones nutricionales y complicaciones a largo plazo que vayan en detrimento de la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos. Introduction: Childhood excess weight is a public health problem, it shows a growing trend, which will affect the health status and quality of life of future adults; It is necessary to improve the understanding of the socioeconomic determinants in this phenomenon. Objective: To analyze the main intermediate and structural socioeconomic determinants that influence excess weight in children of preschool age (3-5 years) and school age (6-12 years) in Colombia. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional correlational descriptive design with data from the 2015 National Nutritional Situation Survey (ENSIN). Logistic models were performed to explain excess weight (dependent variable) in preschool children (weightfor- height Z-score >+2SD) and schoolchildren (BMI-forage >+1SD). Results: Preschool children who do not consume elevenses or mid-afternoon have 60% less risk of excess weight compared to those who do consume. Schoolchildren have a higher risk of being overweight, the higher the family wealth index (2.09 times), the more time they spend in front of a screen (1.4 times), the less they do physical activity, and the more they are in a family with 2 to 5 members. Conclusions: There are different intermediate and structural determinants for the Colombian preschool and school population that influence excess weight. It is recommended to delve into public health policies to educate and prevent nutritional alterations and long-term complications that are detrimental to the quality of life of citizens

Comparison of regional cerebral blood flow responses to hypoglycemia using pulsed arterial spin labeling and positron emission tomography.

Different brain regions sense and modulate the counterregulatory responses that can occur in response to declining plasma glucose levels. The aim of this study was to determine if changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during hypoglycemia relative to euglycemia are similar for two imaging modalities-pulsed arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging (PASL-MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET). Nine healthy non-diabetic participants underwent a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic (92±3 mg/dL) - hypoglycemic (53±1 mg/dL) clamp. Counterregulatory hormone levels were collected at each of these glycemic levels and rCBF measurements within the previously described network of hypoglycemia-responsive regions (thalamus, medial prefrontal cortex and globus pallidum) were obtained using PASL-MRI and [(15)O] water PET. In response to hypoglycemia, rCBF was significantly increased in the thalamus, medial prefrontal cortex, and globus pallidum compared to euglycemia for both PASL-MRI and PET methodologies. Both imaging techniques found similar increases in rCBF in the thalamus, medial prefrontal cortex, and globus pallidum in response to hypoglycemia. These brain regions may be involved in the physiologic and symptom responses to hypoglycemia. Compared to PET, PASL-MRI may provide a less invasive, less expensive method for assessing changes in rCBF during hypoglycemia without radiation exposure

Quantitative regional cerebral blood flow during euglycemia and hypoglycemia in PET and PASL-MRI.

<p>Quantitative regional CBF (mL^.100 g^−1. min⁻¹) responses for euglycemia (black bars) and hypoglycemia (white bars) within a previously identified network. Significant increases in CBF were seen with hypoglycemia within the thalamus (THAL), globus pallidum (GP), and medial prefrontal cortex (MPF) for both A) PET and B) PASL-MRI. No significant increases were seen in the right orbitoprefrontal cortex (ROPF). *p<0.05.</p

Schematic diagram of experimental protocol.

<p>Counterregulatory hormone levels, hypoglycemic symptom scores and rCBF measurements were obtained during the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic – hypoglycemic clamp. rCBF measurements were obtained using PASL-MRI and [¹⁵O]water PET for healthy individuals (<i>n</i> = 9).</p

Mean (±SE) plasma glucose and counterregulatory hormones at baseline and at time of CBF acquisition for euglycemic and hypoglycemic clamp phases and peak levels during each phase.

<p>Mean (±SE) plasma glucose and counterregulatory hormones at baseline and at time of CBF acquisition for euglycemic and hypoglycemic clamp phases and peak levels during each phase.</p

Free Surfer regions of interest.

<p>Free Surfer maps of ROI used for this analysis. A) Sagittal (top) B) Axial (bottom) view of Freesurfer ROIs. Blue: globus pallidum, Green: caudate, Dark Green: lateral prefrontal cortex, Magenta: medial prefrontal cortex.</p

Qualitative cerebral blood flow during hypoglycemia and euglycemia in PET and PASL-MRI.

<p>Axial images showing the mean difference (CBF hypoglycemia – CBF euglycemia) maps from nine subjects for A) positron emission tomography (PET) and B) pulse arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging (PASL-MRI). Yellow/orange represents increased and blue represents decreased blood flow during the hypoglycemic relative to euglycemic session. Similar increases in CBF for hypoglycemia were seen for both methods within the thalamus.</p